An Excerpt from The Accident by Mihail Sebastian, translated by Stephen Henighan


SHE DIDN'T KNOW HOW MUCH TIME had passed. A few seconds? A few long minutes?
     She felt nothing. Around her she heard voices, footsteps, people calling out, but all muted and grey, like a sort of auditory paste, from which occasionally a tram bell or a shout shook loose with unexpected clarity, only to fade away again into the suffocated commotion.
     They’ll say it’s an accident, she thought very calmly, almost with indifference.
     The thought made her feel neither alarmed nor hurried. She had a very vague impression that she must be stretched out next to the sidewalk with her head in the snow. But she didn’t try to move.
     A stupid, senseless question passed through her mind: What time is it?
     She strained to listen to the tick-tock of her wristwatch, but couldn't hear it. It must have been smashed. Then, in an effort to concentrate, as though immersed in herself, she observed that in fact she heard nothing of her own being; not her pulse, not her heart, not her breath.
     I’m..., she reflected. I’m like a clock. And it seemed to her that she was smiling, although she couldn’t feel her lips, for whose outline she searched in vain somewhere in that familiar yet vanished space that was her unfeeling body.
     She remembered suddenly the moment of the fall, so suddenly that she had the impression that she was falling again, and she heard again the brief noise, like that of a shattered spring, that she had heard then.
     She hadn’t dwelt on it at the time, but now it returned with an absurd precision: the dry sound of a tearing ligament, of a snapping bow. In truth it seemed to her that somewhere in the intimacy of this body that she no longer felt, something had been ripped out of its natural place.
     She tried to review her being, with a brisk inward glance, in order to identify, as though on an X-ray screen, the exact spot of the dislocation.
     The collar bone? The aorta? The kneecap?
     For each word, it seemed to her that she had to find a response in her inert body, which she listened to again, forcing herself to explore it with her hearing down to its most remote fibres.
     All right, something’s broken. But what?
     Voices rose and fell on the street around her in noisy outbreaks that suddenly became distant. They reached her as though passing through mist or steam.
     All at once she overcame the penetrating cold and at the same time she felt her right knee naked against the snow, as though it alone in all her body had awoken her from a powerful anaesthetic. So far away, yet how intensely she felt it! She concentrated her thoughts on this sensation for a moment. This single sensitive point felt extremely strange to her, detached from her swoon like a little island of life.
     Then, like a wave of blood, the cold rose above her knees and spread like a fine net through her calf, calling back to life new regions of her flesh. The snow was fluffy, soothing, and it had the softness of chilled bedclothes. She plunged her leg with caution straight into that snow and felt its utter nakedness, her stocking having fallen to her ankle.
     In that moment, the tearing sensation of a few seconds earlier flashed through her again. Her mind, which had hesitated until now, located the exact point of the torn piece of her anatomy: her garter. Having broken loose, its metallic spring pressed up against her calf like a small round signet.
     I must be half naked, she thought without panic. She had barely lifted her head when the voices grew clearer, as though the mist had suddenly dispersed.
     “Criminals!” an old man shouted. He blustered, suffocated by the violence of his anger, at a tram driver, who stood in dazed silence. “You don’t look in front of you, you don’t look around you, you don’t give a hoot about your passengers, about women or children...”
     The tram driver gestured, trying to explain.
     “Well, if she’s getting off....”
     “So what if she’s getting off? Doesn’t she have the right?”
     “She doesn’t have the right because this isn’t a stop,” somebody else said, in a tone of indifference.
     From the ground, she tried to see the person who had spoken, but in the darkness she could only make out an expression lacking in curiosity.
     “Of course it’s not a stop,” the driver repeated, mildly encouraged.
     The elderly gentleman, indignant, refused to back down.
     “It’s a damned shame it isn’t. It should be. We pay for this service. You know they take our money, but they don’t lend a hand to build new stops. Criminals, bandits.... You’ve got rich on the money from our pockets.”
     She became aware of a smile that fluttered in the dark and, without raising her head far enough to receive this smile full in the face, was certain that it belonged to the indifferent voice of a moment earlier.
     “...Yes, that’s how they get us, we deserve it, we’re dumb and we don’t respond...”
     He was stupid, certainly, but she realized that, sprawled there in the snow, she wasn’t listening to the strident voice of the outraged old man, but rather to the other man’s distant silences.
     “...Yes, gentlemen, we fail to respond. Let’s call a police officer and we’ll send you off to see a judge, you lawbreaker....”
     Finally she heard again the other man’s voice, that slightly deaf, slightly lazy voice. He was probably speaking to the tram driver.
     “Hit the road, lad. Get back into your tram and hit the road.”
     “Sure, let him hit the road and leave her there dead in the snow.”
     Everyone gazed in her direction. In the heat of the argument she had been forgotten, but now she once again became the central character in the drama.
     She felt ridiculous, sprawled out as she was –who knew how long she’d been there?– in the middle of the street amid a group of curious bystanders. She would have liked to get up, but she knew she couldn’t do it alone.
     She glanced around in a circle, seeking a familiar figure among those grey faces, and stopped at the man whose lazy voice had caught her attention. She recognized him by his uncaring gaze, which bore a strong resemblance to his voice.
     “Rather than having a fight, why don’t you help me get up?”
     The man didn’t look at all surprised. Without haste, he took a step towards her, paused, kneeled, placed his hand beneath her right arm and lifted her firmly, if without great deftness.
     She was unable to suppress a small cry of pain when, reaching a standing position, she was left with her full weight on her right leg.
     “Does it hurt?”
     “I don’t know. I’ll see later.”
     What should she do now? The circle of curious bystanders tightened around her. Her hat slipped onto the nape of her neck, her right stocking had slid down her leg, her overcoat was covered with snow, her gloves were soaked....
     She felt that getting up had been a mistake: she had been more comfortable lying in the snow. For a moment she was tempted to tumble back down on the spot, a thought that made her smile and recover her calm. I’ve got to escape from this, she said to herself, confronting the group’s curiosity with courage.
     She returned to the man at her side, who also seemed rather embarrassed by the spectacle.
     “Would you like to take a few steps with me?” The suggestion seemed to bore him. She hastened to calm him. “Just a few, as far as the car.”
     She didn’t wait for his reply. She took his arm and set out alongside him, treading with care in order not to reawaken the pain of a few moments earlier.


*

Neither a car nor a taxi could be seen. The young gentleman made no effort to conceal his boredom. He remained stubbornly silent, distracted.
     She would have been happy to leave him and continue on her way alone, but she didn’t trust her right leg. Twice she tried to tread with her full weight, and the pain sliced into her ankle like a blade.
     He’s been badly brought up, but I need him. She took his arm more firmly, as though she wished to show him that she wasn’t going to allow herself to be intimidated by his bad upbringing and that she wasn’t giving up.
     She walked a little behind him, not daring to tell him to take shorter steps. She was able to scowl at him in profile without his noticing. A drab guy, with undefinable features, young-looking, although not of any precise age; his hair looked blonde, although it wasn’t of any clearly defined colour. Maybe I’ve seen him before somewhere.
     Was he tall? Short? She wouldn’t have known what to say. He looked tall in that loose, grey overcoat with large pockets into which he had thrust his hands with a self-assured air.
     He remained silent, in the silence of a long journey, reserved, enduring, expressionless.
     It’s as if he were alone. As if I weren’t here by his side. As if he had forgotten that I was by his side. What if he really has forgotten? What if he wakes up and finds us arm-in-arm and asks me what I’m doing here, hanging onto his arm?
     She decided to break the silence.
     “I don’t know how it happened. I slipped, you see, on the step of the tram. I was trying to get off.”
     “While the tram was moving?”
     Hearing his voice surprised her. She thought he hadn’t heard her, that he wasn’t going to respond. Her surprise made her animated.
     “Yes, while the tram was moving. I always get off when the tram’s moving. Otherwise it doesn’t work. I live near here, on Bulevardul Dacia, and the number 16 tram only stops on Donici or on Vasile Lascar. It’s too far away. That’s why I get off at the turn, where the tram goes onto Orientul. Not just me. Everybody who lives around here does it. And nothing ever happens. Except for today... I don’t know how it happened.”
     They were passing beneath the pulsing of a streetlight. In the light, his face again looked distracted.
     What an unpleasant guy! Even so, she summoned the courage to stop.
     “Don’t be troubled by what I’m about to ask you. I want you to pull up my stocking. I’m completely frozen.”
     She bent over, realizing only now that she was bleeding: her right knee was red, but lower down, towards her ankle, where the scrape was deeper, frozen blood plastered the stocking’s fabric to the wound.
     “Is it serious?”
     “I don’t know. For the time being it’s not hurting. I should go to the pharmacy. Will you come with me?”
     He didn’t reply, but he took her arm and asked with his eyes: Which way?
     “It’s not far. Look, over there on the other sidewalk.”
     They crossed the street. From afar she found it difficult to recognize herself in the reflection in the pharmacy’s windows next to this man, who looked even stranger in the distant image on the glass. As she approached, she smiled with compassion at her own face. How pathetic I look, poor me! She took off her hat with a brisk motion and stood with it in her hand, dismayed.
     “I can’t go into that shop. The pharmacist knows me, he’ll ask, I’ll have to explain.... Will you...?”
     He accepted unenthusiastically, frowning with his brows.
     “What do you need?”
     “A little iodine and....I don’t know, a little oxygenated water.”
     She was about to open her handbag to give him the money, but, without waiting, he pushed open the door of the pharmacy and went inside.
     From outside, she watched him through the pane of the display window: how he entered, how he took off his hat, how he said good evening, how he approached the pharmacist in his white lab jacket. She found it odd to watch him opening his mouth and uttering words that she couldn’t hear. What a peculiar voice he had! A little muffled, a little quashed, and yet with a rough tone. The pharmacist was pouring the tincture of iodine into a bottle.
     Why was he taking so long? It must be as hot as a greenhouse inside. The metal scales were still. The heavy liquids, as though drowsy, slept on the shelves in solemn crystal flasks.
     The pharmacist was asking him something and he was replying with plenty of enthusiasm. He was more talkative inside in the heat than he had been out here in the cold. And if she were to leave him? If she walked away now, without waiting for him? How astonished he would be at not finding her here, but what a feeling of relief he would have, the saucy devil!
     Her knee started to hurt. To sting more than to hurt. She thought again of the lovely warmth on the other side of the display window and closed her eyes. She felt as though she were slipping into a kind of slumber....
     “Did I take too long?”
     It was his voice. That uncertain voice, which didn’t stress his words and gave her the impression that he was walking at her side without paying attention to her.
     She didn’t reply and didn’t open her eyes.
     “Are you feeling ill?”
     “I’m not ill. But I’d like to get home. I’m freezing.”
     “You said it wasn’t far....”
     “Don’t worry, it isn’t. Another twenty paces and you’re free.”
     She didn’t expect even a polite denial from him. She took his arm, determined not to say anything more to him; she was impatient to be left alone. She forced herself to take ever longer strides, although her right leg was still hurting.
     For the first time since that stupid accident had happened, she felt like she wanted to cry.
     She finally stopped in front of a multiple-storey building, leaned against the glass front door and extended her hand....
“This is it. You can go now. Thank you.”
     He squeezed her hand for a second without holding it, then touched a finger to his hat, sketching a vague half-wave.
     She wanted to tell him: You’re the most unpleasant man in the world. But she was too tired to tell him anything. She left him there in front of the building, and went into the bright foyer, where an enervating wave of heat received her.
     ....She was alone in the elevator. She pressed the button for the top floor, the sixth, then fell onto the bench with a relieved sigh. She promised herself she would cry with all her heart once she got to her apartment. She felt that nothing could be better for her: a good cry followed by a steaming hot bath.
     Somewhere between two floors the elevator stopped with a brusque shudder. At first she thought she had arrived, but she realized that in fact she was suspended in the air.
     This is the day for accidents. She tried to make a joke in her mind. She pressed for a long time on the alarm button.
     She remembered that last summer the old lady from the third floor had spent a whole morning locked in the elevator between two floors. The thought terrified her. She pressed again, with a long, nervous, harsh start of panic, on the red button. In the deep silence, everything was motionless; somewhere far away, as weak as a call from another world, the alarm bell rang without anyone responding to it.
     She could no longer hold back her tears. She looked at herself in the elevator’s rectangular mirror and felt pity for the state she was in: dishevelled, ragged, dirty, frozen. The hot tears welled from her eyes, and she received them with a sudden pleasure, as if she had drawn near to a warm hearth.
     From below someone, probably the porter, shouted: “Hey, third-floor door. Who opened the third-floor door?”
     The third-floor door was closed: the elevator set off noiselessly on its way. She would have liked not to stop again, to travel like that forever, and to be able to cry peacefully to the slow, silent movements of the elevator.
     On the top floor the young gentleman in the grey overcoat was waiting for her. She looked at him in astonishment, unable to understand what was going on.
     “You?”
     “Me. I forgot to give you the iodine tincture and the oxygenated water.”
     Indeed, he pulled two bottles out of his pocket enveloped in the pharmacy’s multicoloured paper.
     “And how did you get up here?”
     “By the stairs.”
     “Six floors?”
     “Six.”
     What an odd guy! she thought, watching him for a moment, intrigued again by his lack of expression. Now, too, he had that far-away, unquestioning gaze, which she had first seen when she had raised her head from the snow.
     She remembered that she had been crying. Embarrassed, she lowered her eyes; but it was too late: he had noticed.
     “You were crying?”
     “No.... Well, yes. A little. But it’s not important! It’s never important when I cry...”
     She took the key out of her handbag.
     “Do you want to come in for a moment?”
     He responded by lifting his shoulders.
     “Does that mean Yes, or does that mean No?”
     “I don’t know what it means. It’s a habitual gesture. Let’s say Yes.”
     “So come in.”
     Next to the door was a small, metal plate: Nora Munteanu. He asked the question with his eyes and she confirmed: “That’s me.”

________________________________________

Mihail Sebastian (1907-1945) was one of the major Central European writers of the 1930s. Born in southeastern Romania, he worked in Bucharest as a lawyer, journalist, novelist and playwright until anti-semitic legislation forced him to abandon his public career. His long-lost diary, Journal 1935-1944: The Fascist Years, was published in seven countries between 1996 and 2007, launching an international revival of his work. Sebastian's novels and plays are available in translation throughout Europe, and have been published in Chinese, Hindi, Bengali and Hebrew. The Accident is Sebastian's first work of fiction to appear in English. 

Stephen Henighan’s previous translations include Ondjaki’s Good Morning Comrades and most recently, Granma Nineteen and the Soviet's Secret. He is the author of a dozen books of fiction, reportage and criticism, including the short story collection A Grave in the Air and the essay A Green Reef: The Impact of Climate Change. He teaches at the University of Guelph, Ontario, and is the International Translation Series Editor for Biblioasis.

Stephen Henighan on Gabriel García Márquez's Living to Tell the Tale

Gabriel García Márquez’s fiction owes its fascination to a tension between intimacy and remoteness. The narrative worlds of One Hundred  Years of Solitude  (1967) and Love  in the Time of Cholera (1985) are intensely personal without being obviously autobiographical. The sculpted narrative voice, with its old-storyteller self-assurance, rebuffs elementary attempts to peer into the author’s psyche. Never having written a novel as overtly confessional as Mario Vargas Llosa’s Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter (1977) or Carlos Fuentes’s Diana, the Goddess Who Hunts Alone (1996), García Márquez, by comparison with his Spanish American contemporaries, exerts the appeal of a familiar enigma.

"Gabriel García Márquez" appears
in Stephen Henighan's
A Report on the Afterlife of Culture

García Márquez was in his thirties when he perfected his old storyteller voice. Now in his mid-seventies, he has allowed the voice to grow more relaxed and confiding as he turns to the first volume of his memoirs, Living to Tell the Tale (2002). The respected translator Edith Grossman has rarely been challenged as she has here. She resorts to footnotes to explain regionalisms and puns; in spite of a good general rendering, Grossman does not quite capture the intimate quality of the original. The anecdotal directness of this memoir is recognizable from García Márquez’s journalism, yet above all the tone recalls his fiction. The enthusiasm with which this book has been read throughout the Americas in its Spanish-language edition owes much to its unmasking of the autobiographical sources of the novels. The dramatic opening, where the author’s mother, Luisa Márquez, hunts down the impoverished aspiring writer in a café in Barranquilla and asks him to accompany her into the jungles of his childhood to sell the family home, begins a process of exposing the prototypes for the fiction, giving the reader the illusion of breaking through the carapace of the García Márquez narrative voice to understand the genesis of his novels.


Some of the prototypes are obvious, such as Colonel Nicolás Márquez, the author’s maternal grandfather, with whom García Márquez lived for his first eight years, and who would become the model for Colonel Aureliano Buendía in One Hundred Years of Solitude and the stoic veteran of Colombia’s civil wars waiting for a pension that never arrives in No One Writes to the Colonel (1961). Colonel Márquez revered the memory of Simón Bolívar, “the greatest man ever born in the history of the world.” A painting of Bolívar ’s corpse hung in the family living room. When the infant García Márquez asks his grandfather if Bolívar is greater than Jesus Christ, the reader sees the first glimmerings of The General in His Labyrinth (1989) taking shape. In similar fashion, Macondo turns out to be a decayed banana plantation on the edge of García Márquez’s native town of Aracataca. He had used the name in three books before he learned that it was a tropical tree.

The most engrossing points of connection with the novels are those on which García Márquez does not comment. The oldest of his family’s eleven children (his father had five other children by extra-marital liaisons), García Márquez spent much of his early childhood separated from his mother, whose defining role in his life is evident in his dramatic claim that her death in June 2002, at the age of ninety-seven, coincided to the hour with his completion of this memoir. One of their reunions was arranged to celebrate the birth of his younger sister, Margot. As an infant the little girl refused food, eating the damp earth of the garden like Rebeca Buendía; in One Hundred Years of Solitude, the infant’s taste for earth is transferred to an adolescent. The images of a mother entering a silent town to reclaim the body of a son shot trying to commit burglary, of the Colonel’s illegitimate sons visiting him once a year, and of a priest who is reputed to levitate during Mass, contribute to the illusion of understanding the novels’ origins. But this is an illusion. García Márquez insists that, “Life is not what one lived, but . . . how one remembers it in order to recount it.” Doubt has been cast on whether García Márquez actually made the return trip up the Magdalena River with his mother with which the memoirs open. In a sense it doesn't matter whether what we discover beneath the fiction is simply another fiction, as long as the reader believes he has found a truth.

The illusion of understanding the novels’ origins is most persuasive in the case of a Belgian refugee from the First World War, a chess companion of Colonel Márquez, who committed suicide by inhaling a cyanide solution. After observing the body, the infant García Márquez utters the bon mot, “The Belgian won’t be playing chess anymore.” The phrase is repeated by the women of the family to the point where the author looks back on it as “my first literary success.” The scene illustrates how the novelist’s imagination parses images from life as fictional creations: the Belgian becomes the model for Gaston, the Belgian who brings a debased version of Western technology to Macondo in the final pages of One Hundred Years of Solitude, while his suicide evolves into the opening scene of Love in the Time of Cholera,  where Dr. Urbino examines the body of his chess partner, the West Indian refugee Jeremiah de Saint-Amour, who has committed suicide by inhaling a cyanide solution.

Colonel Márquez’s death expelled his grandson from the decaying jungle town into the chaos of a very large, very poor family. Having reunited the family on the Caribbean coast, García Márquez’s father, a mercurial man, invested his savings in a pharmacy. When the business failed, he took off up the Magdalena River, naming his eleven-year-old son head of a swarming household that lacked financial support. García Márquez’s school years were marked by ugly poverty: head lice, rickets, hunger. The features typical of a writer ’s upbringing – the perpetual reading, the occasional teacher who recognized his abilities – are lent a distinctively Caribbean flavour by the predominance of oral culture. The future writer read the poets of the Spanish Golden Age in order to memorize and recite them; as an adolescent he entered singing contests. It was for one of these that his mother, his accomplice in keeping the family clothed and fed, requested he register not only with his paternal surname, García, but also with the maternal Márquez. In his father’s absence, the young Gabriel José García was evolving into Gabriel García Márquez. 




He won a scholarship to a good secondary school, but at fifteen he became embroiled in a dangerous affair with a married woman whose husband had a reputation for violence. A move was necessary, and he reluctantly consented to go to Bogotá, “a remote, lugubrious city where an insomniac rain had been falling since the beginning of the sixteenth century.” His pilgrimage by riverboat to the chilly Andean capital in search of a scholarship led him to a boarding school that transformed him from a Caribbean regionalist into a man with a vision of a varied but unified Colombian nation. García Márquez belongs to a relatively fortunate generation of Colombians who grew up between the end of the civil wars at the beginning of the twentieth century and the outbreak of La Violencia, when war again became the country’s daily reality. The destruction of this period of peace dominates the second half of the memoir and inspires some of its most gripping passages.

The assassination of the maverick Liberal presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, on April 9, 1948, is the crucial watershed in twentieth-century Colombian history: the moment when reform failed. After Gaitán’s death, the old political parties, the Liberals and the Conservatives, locked themselves into a brutal struggle which over the next decades would corrode civil society, allowing the parallel powers of guerrilla armies, death squads and drug traffickers to dominate public life. In 1948 García Márquez was a first-year law student who had published three short stories. He arrived on the scene a few minutes after the assassination. His vivid description of a suspicious, well-dressed man urging the out- raged crowd to kill the supposed assassin is a startling addition to to debates about the events of that day, which exerts an influence on Colombians similar to that of the assassination of John F. Kennedy on Americans. As fighting between Liberal and Conservative supporters in the weeks after the assassination left most of Bogotá in smouldering ruins, García Márquez escaped to the Caribbean coast. In Barranquilla and Cartagena, he slept in parks, on beaches and in brothels, earned pocket money by writing a newspaper column, argued about books, abandoned a first attempt at a novel and began the agonizing composition of the Faulknerian novella Leaf Storm (1955).

García Márquez’s assessment of his personality during these years is bleak. “My poverty was absolute, and I had the timidity of a quail, which I tried to counteract with insufferable arrogance and brutal frankness. I felt I did not belong anywhere, and even certain acquaintances made me aware of this.” Yet his torrential activity tells a more complicated story. The memoir reveals glimpses of a man of supernatural vitality, great social gifts and workaholic determination. The reader sees the distinctive García Márquez style, characterized by the elimination of adverbs and the compression of dialogue into single declarative statements, emerging from the meshing of his journalistic apprenticeship and his memories of his grandparents’ house. On visits to the Magdalena River town of Sucre, where his parents had settled, he met Mercedes Barcha. Following the custom of the time, he remained emotionally loyal to her during their long courtship while continuing to frequent the brothels. In this book’s last line of dialogue, García Márquez tells an acquaintance that he still does not know who he is. Yet with the publication of Leaf Storm he had begun the process of mythologizing his past in a way that would give birth to the confident voice of the old storyteller.

By his late twenties García Márquez was a professional journalist. He worked for the Bogotá newspaper El Espectador during its days as one of Latin America’s great institutions of investigative reporting. Non-aficionados may find the final chapter of this book, with  its  detailed  account  of Colombian  journalism  during  the 1950s, less riveting than the rest. But this suggestive, impassioned, surprisingly vulnerable memoir is certain to stand as one of García Márquez’s most important books.


____________________________________________________________________ 

Stephen Henighan's translations include Ondjaki's Granma Nineteen and the Soviet's Secret and Mihail Sebastian's The Accident. He is the author of a dozen books of fiction, reportage and criticism, including the short story collection A Grave in the Air and the essay A Green Reef: The Impact of Climate Change. He teaches at the University of Guelph, Ontario.

Stephen Henighan: The Fall of Translation

On October 27, 2011 , writer Clark Blaise visited  the MacDonald-Stewart Art Gallery in Guelph, Ontario. As a nomadic bicultural author who has spent much of his life translating himself across boundaries (and who is also published by Biblioasis), Blaise provided an apt catalyst for talking about translation, and the Biblioasis International Translation Series.  Here's the talk I delivered at the time.




                                            THE FALL OF TRANSLATION/ Stephen Henighan


Clark Blaise’s visit to Guelph is an ideal opportunity to talk about translation. There are at least two good reasons for this. The first is that although the translator’s word-by-word struggle is with the different ways in which languages carve up reality, the ultimate goal of literary translation is to carry one culture across a border while balancing it on your shoulders in a way that makes it visible to the culture on the other side of the frontier.   This is exactly what Clark Blaise does in  short stories such as “North,” “I’m Dreaming of Rocket Richard,” and dozens of others; one of the stories in his book Resident Alien is even called “Translation.”  Blaise’s short stories are full of characters who translate their names from Boisvert to Greenwood –  or from Blais to Blaise.
  
The second reason to talk about translation today is that Mr. Blaise’s publisher, Biblioasis, is the home of the Biblioasis International Translation Series.
  
In 2006 Dan Wells asked me to help him set up and run a series of literary translations with an international flavour. Nobody had ever made a sustained attempt at doing anything like this in Canada.  Canadians were content to let New York and London and a few university presses in the U.S.  decide what got translated into English; to set the tone, the references and the language. This passivity was reinforced by the Canada Council. Where both the United Kingdom and the United States have granting agencies that fund incoming translations, the Canada Council funds English-French or French-English translations within Canada, but does not fund Canadian translations of writers from other countries. Nor does the publisher receive his usual grant to support book publication if the book’s author is not Canadian. In the absence of support for either translation or publication, and given the need to purchase English-language rights to the work from hard-nosed  literary agents in Frankfurt, the cost of publishing translations in Canada is inordinately high. It could be lowered by judicious policy making.  Yet in our desire to strengthen our culture, we have forgotten that in an era of accelerated globalization, strength flows not only from bolstering that which is ours, but also  from forging our own interpretations of the world. Committed to the idea that translations must come from the margins of linguistic cultures as well as from the power centres, the Biblioasis International Translation Series is dedicated to publishing world literature in English in Canada. We believe that translations are the lifeblood of literature, that a language that is not in touch with other linguistic traditions loses its creative vitality, and that the worldwide spread of English makes translation more urgent now than ever before. 
  
Above all, we were aware that there was a lot out there to translate because English is the most insular language in the world. From my own trans-linguistic reading, I was familiar with quantities of good writers whose works were available in half-a-dozen or more languages, yet not in English. Only Arabic-speaking cultures publish fewer translations than Anglophone societies, and the Arabs at least have the excuse that most of their citizens are poor and speak dialects as their mother tongues, which makes it difficult or impossible, without specialized training, for them to read the Classical Arabic in which books are published. English-speaking societies have no excuse for their disdain of the rest of the world’s literature. Many English-speaking countries are among the world’s most prosperous, most of our populations are reasonably well educated, and our literary language is only a heartbeat away from that spoken on the street.  Unfortunately, as the inheritors of the two empires that have dominated the world for the last two hundred years –Great Britain and the United States– speakers of English are infected with the bizarre notion, which prevails nowhere else on earth, that their mother tongue is all they need to know to understand the world.  Commentators invariably cite economics as the culprit for the paucity of translations in English, yet those same commentators tell us that in English-speaking countries economics is based on the market. If the market for translations in English is weak, this suggests the presence of certain innate characteristics in English-speaking culture, one of which is an ingrained disdain of foreigners and what passes for their culture.
  
The fact that Canada has no claim to world-dominating imperial grandeur, is an officially bilingual nation, and houses most of its population in a chain of large cities inhabited by immigrants who came here speaking languages other than English or French, has not exempted us from the prejudices characteristic of our linguistic culture. Yet even  divergences from the imperial model may offer us an opportunity to evolve away from imperial presumption, particularly since one of the great English-speaking empires began to fracture at the end of the Second World War and the other is in the process of falling apart as we speak. Translation, in addition to being a boost to our aesthetics and a tonic for our literary language, is part of the enterprise of liberating Canadian culture  from the imperial presumptions of our colonized past and present, and lending it the latitude to confront its own inherent strangeness, which we are so often afraid to acknowledge or articulate.
  
As an historical phenomenon, the rise of the translator coincided with the decline of the bilingual or trilingual reader. In the 19th century, English readers were fond of allowing themselves to be corrupted by naughty French literature, whether it was Gustave Flaubert describing in loving detail the syphilitic chancres he had acquired in an Egyptian brothel, Émile Zola narrating the volupté of a man and a woman in bed together (unthinkable in an English or American 19th-century novel) or J.K. Huysmans or Remy de Gourmont praising decadence and perversion. By definition, French literature was read in French; this was part of its transgressive appeal. In the 20th century, as the bourgeoisie lost the habit of reading in other languages, translators became trend-setters. The vogue, in the English-language world, for Russian literature in the 1930s and 1940s, French existentialism in the 1950s and 1960s, and Latin American novels in the 1970s and 1980s, all depended on the prowess of translators.

But the end of the Cold War and the onset of accelerated globalization have relegated translation to the back alleys of literature.  In the last fifteen years the English-speaking world has turned its back on literatures written in other languages. Translation is  an imperfect filter for literature; often it is a downright distortion. But when translation declines, literatures stagnate. Constance Garnett’s translations, even though they are now recognized as clumsy and deficient,  brought Russian literature into the literate English-speaking consciousness in the early 20th century.  Modernist prose benefited from this awareness.  “I want to discuss Form, having been reading Turgenev,” Virginia Woolf wrote in her diary on August 16, 1933. Across the English Channel, Woolf’s near-contemporary André Gide devoted an entire book to trying to prove that Dostoevsky was a greater writer than Tolstoy. It is possible that early French translations of Russian literature were no more elegant or accurate than those of Garnett, but their publication reshaped literary debate.
  
The focus of literary translation changes with the political climate.  Translations of Russian literature made the leap across the Atlantic in the early 1940s as the result of a U.S. government “amity program” that subsidized cultural exchange with Washington’s Second World War ally, the Soviet Union. After 1945, the new ally was Japan: Washington funded the study of Japanese language and literature in U.S. universities. This stimulated the wide availability of translations of novels by Yukio Mishima, Yasunari Kawabata and Junichiro Tanizaki.  These translations established a taste for Japanese fiction among readers of English, paving the way for the success in English translation of later writers such as Haruki Murakami and Banana Yoshimoto. Political allegiances determined that we gained access to a broad spectrum of Japanese fiction but learned little of Chinese literature.

During the Cold War,  series such as Writers from the Other Europe, edited for Penguin Books by Philip Roth, made us less provincial by ensuring that we could find novels by George Konrád, Bruno Schulz and Tadeusz Konwicki in our bookstores.  The political imperative guaranteed that every word by the Soviet dissident Alexander Solzhenitsyn appeared in English, and assisted the careers of the Czech dissident writers Milan Kundera and Ivan Klíma.  Conversely, the Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu’s policy of cultivating good relations with the West must take some of the blame for the fact that the great Romanian novelist Marin Preda was excluded from this wave of translation: his novels remain unavailable in English to this day.   The campus counterpoint to the promotion of dissident work from Eastern Europe took the form of  acclaim for  translations of Spanish American fiction.  Personally, I hold those  little shiny little Avon paperbacks with the lush paintings on the covers responsible for driving me to master Spanish.  The most popular edition of the emblematic Spanish American novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude, appeared in the Avon series,  as did other pivotal works, such as Julio Cortázar’s Hopscotch and Vargas Llosa’s The Green House. Avon branched out into classics by older writers, such as the Cuban Alejo Carpentier, and began the task of remedying our ignorance of the riches of Brazilian literature. 

The end of the Cold War brought this boom period for translation to a close. The widespread misconception that globalization means that the whole world speaks English has rendered translated fiction suspect.  Where Avon used to flaunt the translating prowess of Gregory Rabassa or Thomas Colchie, publishers now try to keep the translator’s name off the cover out of a belief that readers are reluctant to buy books that were not written in English.  Every day we hear of the importance of China, yet we still know little about its literature. Brazil,  India and contemporary Arabic writing remain enigmas. Now that Central and Eastern Europe no longer supply us with  politically useful dissidents, we have ceased to translate the region’s literature. No longer do English-Canadian undergraduates regard translations of Marie-Claire Blais novels as vital reading, as many did in the 1970s, nor do young English-speaking readers elsewhere receive substantial exposure to current French-language fiction from Europe, Africa or the Caribbean. 

Even Spanish American writers, whose culture increasingly overlaps with that of the United States, struggle to find an outlet in English.  Roberto Bolaño may be popular today, but  translations of his work into English began to appear far later than those into French, Italian or German. And Bolaño is the only major Latin American writer to have broken through into the English market since the 1980s.    In 2004 I watched the Miami-based Peruvian novelist and star talk-show host Jaime Bayly struggle with his frustrations during an onstage interview when a reader asked where she could find translations of his best-selling novels for her English-speaking friends.  “I do not know why I am not translated into English,” Bayly said.

At a time when everyone is asking why English-language fiction has stalled, why fewer readers buy novels, part of the answer must lie in the decline of translation. Alert readers of Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese and other languages participate in an international aesthetic debate; readers and writers of English, condemned to silence by insular fantasies of global relevance, are missing out on the next wave of literature.  One of the great opportunities offered to Canadians  by the shifting cultural dynamics of the present is that of recognizing that we never have been such a thoroughly Anglified country in our institutional culture as either Great Britain or the United States.  By diluting the grip of Englishness, we can plumb our marginalization, our hybridity, our strangeness – and, by extension, our openness to translation.
  
Part of Canada’s strangeness is the presence in our society of significant writers whose language of expression is neither English nor French. We published a novel by one of these writers, Hans Eichner, who wrote in German in Rockwood, Ontario,  as the third title in the Biblioasis International Translation Series.  We are working to include more Canadian writers who write in neither English nor French. In addition to Eichner, and to writers from Quebec, by the end of 2012 Biblioasis will have published significant works by major literary figures from Poland, Angola, El Salvador, Romania, Mexico, Argentina and Mozambique. No other publisher in Canada can claim anything like this kind of international reach; yet, frustratingly, we have yet to encounter our audience. Our translations do not get reviewed in Canada. Here, as elsewhere, newspaper reviewing culture is in decline and online reviews have failed to pick up the slack; the scant review space for literature that remains is divided between English-Canadian works and American and British writers with international reputations. Some of our  books, particularly the Latin American ones, have more of a natural market in the United States, yet, even though Biblioasis now has first-rate U.S. distribution through Consortium, the company’s profile south of the border is not yet big enough to muscle those books into the American market. Many of the writers we publish are brisk sellers not only in their own languages, but in other translations. The English-speaking world, though, remains impervious.  The plight of literature in translation epitomizes the quandary of all literature: the imperative to knock on the door of the dormant bourgoisie in the hope of rousing the residents into   a more acute cultural awareness that will make them profoundly unhappy, but far, far more alert.

Shenandoah Reviews Mihail Sebastian's The Accident



The Accident, by Mihail Sebastian, trans. Stephen Henighan (Biblioasis, 2011) 
What gets imprinted upon a work of fiction when society is unraveling all around the writer? This is a question I grappled with while reading Mihail Sebastian’s fourth and last novel, The Accident, his first work of fiction to appear in English. Sebastian (1907-1945) first made waves in the English reading world when his Journal 1935-1944: The Fascist Years was translated in 2000. In that work, the novelist, playwright, and lawyer observed the literati around him growing increasingly right-wing as anti-Semitic legislation passed, legislation that (as Henighan helpfully explains in his Afterword toThe Accident) expelled him from the bar association and the Romanian Academy, and took away his right to publish.
In The Accident, set in 1934 and originally published in 1940, Paul, a suicidal lawyer tries to forget Anna, a blond, blue-eyed waif of a painter. Instead, he meets Nora, a sturdy French teacher, after she falls off a tram – in a scene rendered with incredibly precise aural and tactile detail. Paul helps Nora, and despite his insufferable, depressed shrugs, their carefully-etched love story is off with a lurch. Nora convinces him to take a holiday to shake off his despair. They leave Bucharest to ski in Transylvania, except Paul has never skied before and Nora must teach him. There’s something transcendental to Paul’s hurtling through the blinding snow – he would be content to hurtle and continue a sensation of floating and brightness – but, irritatingly, Nora forces him to learn control.

For the full review please go here.